Several studies have evaluated the role of collision characteristics, age, gender, psychological factors, and initial pain intensity with regards to whiplash injuries. According the available literature, initial pain intensity seems to be the most consistent predictor of late whiplash syndrome.

E. Williamson, et al. A systematic literature review of psychological factors and the development of late whiplash syndrome. PAIN. 2008.Vol. 135. Pp. 20-30.

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