The miserable malalignment syndrome refers to a group of anatomical changes in the lower extremity (leg) that can lead to knee pain and instability. The most common alterations include internal rotation of the femur (thigh bone). The rotation occurs at the distal (bottom) end where the femur helps form the knee joint.

Much has been written about the evaluation and treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. That's because they are the most common knee injuries among athletes. Though less common, injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament are just as important.

The knee has two main ligaments that criss-cross and stretch between the femur (thigh bone) and the tibia (lower leg bone). These are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Working together, the two cruciate ligaments control the back-and-forth motion of the knee.

You should have the orthopedic surgeon who performed the arthroscopic exam determine the cause of the problem you are describing. It's possible you have a superficial skin infection. Or you may have the beginnings of a problem called complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Either way, early diagnosis and treatment is essential.

Much has been written about the evaluation and treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. That's because they are the most common knee injuries among athletes. Though less common, injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament are just as important. In this review article, surgeons from the New York University (NYU) Hospital for Joint Diseases bring us up-to-date on the important features of PCL injuries in athletes.

Your knee creaks and hurts and it gets worse going up or down stairs, getting up after sitting a while, and when keeping the knee bent. Don't even bother trying to squat. Sound familiar? You could be experiencing a condition called patellofemoral arthritis. Never heard of it? The authors of this article provide an in-depth review -- everything you ever wanted to know about patellofemoral arthritis.

Can a healthy and normally aligned patella (kneecap) dislocate? Many experts have debated this question. Certainly, anatomic variations from the norm are linked with both acute (sudden) and chronic (repeated) dislocations. But there is some evidence that no amount of force will pop the patella off the knee unless there is an underlying reason.

Bullet removal at the time of the initial surgery is accompanied by lots and lots of irrigation of the area. The surgeon uses a saline (salt) solution to flush the area thoroughly. Much time is spent making sure all debris and possible causes of contamination are removed.

Athletes suffer their fair share of tendon problems. Most often there's knee pain from patellar tendon disorders or ankle pain from Achilles tendinopathy. Tendinopathy is another term for any disorder affecting the tendon.

The hamstring muscle is located along the back of the thigh. It helps bend the knee and extend the hip. That's why overuse from running with its repetitive hip and knee motion can cause hamstring problems. Athletes involved in sprinting and middle- to long-distance running events seem to be affected most often.