Types

Wedge Compression Fractures: These fractures are commonly caused by excessive force in forward flexion. These fractures are common in elderly patients with osteoporosis and can even occur with normal movements.

Spinous Process Fracture: These fractures are also commonly caused by excessive force in forward flexion, but can also be a result of a direct blow to the back. These fractures are avulsion fractures that result from the excessive pull of the ligaments that connect the spinous processes of each vertebra.

Fractures of the Pedicle: These fractures result from excessive force on the area of the vertebra called the pars interarticularis. These forces most commonly occur when the spine is forced backwards, or hyperextended.

Burst Fracture: This is caused by axial loading of the vertebral column. The center of the vertebral body is overloaded and it bursts sending fragments in every direction. This is an unstable injury as both anterior and middle columns are disrupted. The middle column fragments may be pushed back into the space available for the nerves. Neurological injury is common with this pattern of fracture.

Fracture Dislocation: This results from high energy trauma like a motor vehicle accident. Forcible rotation breaks the facet joints and the vertebral bodies. Then side-to-side bending shifts the fragments apart. The entire spine is disrupted with major displacement. Neurological injury is common with this pattern of injury.